Clinical Research
Cells
Macrophages: Protection against infection, T-cell activation
Jarvinen, 2002, Yagi, 2010, Ichikawa, 2003
Stem Cells: Regeneration and repair
Indumathi, 2012
Immunoglobulins
IgA/sIgA: Pathogen binding inhibition
Van de Perre, 2003, Cianga, 1999; Brandtzaeg, 2010; Kadaoui, 2007; Corthësy, 2009; Hurley, 2011; Agarwal, 2010; Castellote, 2011
IgG: Anti-microbial, activation of phagocytosis (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3); anti-inflammatory, response to allergens (IgG4)
Cianga, 1999; Agarwal, 2010
IgM: Agglutination, complement activation
Brandtzaeg, 2010; Van de Perre, 1993; Agarwal, 2010
Cytokines
IL-6: Stimulation of the acute phase response, B cell activation, pro-inflammatory
Ustundag, 2005; Meki, 2003; Mizuno, 2012; Agarwal, 2010; Castellote, 2011
IL-7: Increased thymic size and output
Aspinall, 2011; Ngom, 2004
IL-8: Recruitment of neutrophils, pro-inflammatory
Claud, 2003; Ustundag, 2005; Meki, 2003; Maheshwari, 2002; Maheshwari, 2003; Maheshwari, 2004; Hunt, 2012; Agarwal, 2010; Castellote, 2011; Mehta, 2011
IL-10: Repressing Th1-type inflammation, induction of antibody production, facilitation of tolerance
Meki, 2003; Agarwal, 2010; Castellote, 2011; Mehta, 2011
IFNγ: Pro-inflammatory, stimulates Th1 response
Hrdý, 2012; Agarwal, 2010
TGFβ: Anti-inflammatory, stimulation of T cell phenotype switch
Penttila, 2010; Kalliomäki, 1999; Saito, 1993; Nakamura, 2009; Letterio, 1994; Ando, 2007; Ozawa, 2009; Donnet-Hughes, 2000; Verhasselt, 2008; Verhasselt, 2010; Penttila, 2003; Mosconi, 2010; Okamoto, 2005; Penttila, 2006; Peroni, 2009; McPherson, 2001; Ewaschuk, 2011; Castellote, 2011
TNFα: Stimulates inflammatory immune activation
Rudloff, 1992; Ustundag, 2005; Erbağci, 2005; Meki, 2003; Agarwal, 2010; Castellote, 2011
Chemokines
G-CSF: Trophic factor in intestines
Gilmore, 1994; Gersting, 2003; Calhoun, 2003; Gersting, 2004;
MIF: Macrophage Migratory Inhibitory Factor: Prevents macrophage movement, increases anti-pathogen activity of macrophages
Magi, 2002; Vigh, 2011
Cytokine Inhibitors
TNFRI and II: Inhibition of TNFα, anti-inflammatory
Buescher, 1998; Buescher, 1996; Meki, 2003; Castellote, 2011
Growth Factors
EGF: Stimulation of cell proliferation and maturation
Patki, 2012; Kobata, 2008; Hirai, 2002; Wagner, 2008; Dvorak, 2003; Dvorak, 2004; Chang, 2002; Khailova, 2009; Coursodon, 2012; Clark, 2004; Castellote, 2011; Untalan, 2009
HB-EGF: Protective against damage from hypoxia and ischemia
Radulescu, 2011
VEGF: Promotion of angiogenesis and tissue repair
Loui, 2012; Ozgurtas, 2011
NGF: Promotion of neuron growth and maturation
Rodrigues, 2011; Boesmans 2008; Sánchez 1996; Fichter, 2011;
IGF: Stimulation of growth and development, increased RBCs and hemoglobin
Chellakooty, 2006; Blum, 2002; Burrin 1997; Philipps, 2002; Milsom, 2008; Prosser, 1996; Elmlinger, 2007; Peterson, 2000; Murali, 2005; Corpeleijn, 2008; Baregamian, 2006; Baregamian, 2012; Büyükkayhan, 2003; Philipps, 2000; Kling, 2006
Erythropoietin: Erythropoiesis, intestinal development
Carbonell-Estrany 2000; Juul, 2003; Kling, 2008; Miller-Gilbert, 2001; Pasha, 2008; Soubasi, 1995; Shiou, 2011; Arsenault, 2010; Miller, 2002; Untalan, 2009
Hormones
Calcitonin: Development of enteric neurons
Struck, 2002; Wookey, 2012
Somatostatin: Regulation of gastric epithelial growth
Chen, 1999; Rao, 1999; Gama, 1996
Anti-microbial
Lactoferrin: Anti-viral, prevents inflammation by enhancing phagocytosis of apoptotic cells
Stubbs, 1990; Kusunoki, 2012; Aziz, 2011; Shi, 2004; Chogle, 2011; Baghdadi, 2012; Peterson, 1998; Newburg, 1998; Shah, 2012; Miksa, 2006; Komura, 2009; Miksa, 2009; Wu, 2012; Matsuda, 2011; Silvestre, 2005
Metabolic hormones
Adiponectin: Reduction of infant BMI and weight, anti-inflammatory
Martin, 2006; Newburg, 2010; Woo, 2009; Woo, 2012; Ley, 2011; Dundar 2010; Ozarda, 2012; Savino, 2008; Weyerman, 2006
Leptin: Regulation of energy conversion and infant BMI, appetite regulation
Savino, 2008; Savino, 2012a; Savino 2012b; Palou, 2009; Weyermann, 2006
Ghrelin: Regulation of energy conversion and infant BMI
Savino, 2008; Savino, 2012; Dundar 2010
Oligosaccharides & glycans
HMOS: Prebiotic, stimulating beneficial colonization and reducing colonization with pathogens; reduced inflammation
Newburg, 2005; Morrow, 2005; DeLeoz, 2012; Marcoba, 2012; Kunz, 2012; Ruhaak, 2012; Bode, 2
Gangliosides: Brain development; anti-infectious
Wang B, 2012
Glycosaminoglycans: Anti-infectious
Coppa, 2012; Coppa 2011
Mucins
MUC1: Block infection by viruses and bacteria
Ruvoen-Clouet, 2006; Liu, 2012; Sando, 2009; Saeland, 2009; Yolken, 1992
MUC4: Block infection by viruses and bacteria
Ruvoen-Clouet, 2006; Liu, 2012; Chaturvedi, 2008